Discuss the advantages of learning Standard American English as it Essay - 1

Discuss the advantages of learning Standard American English as it relates to your previous experiences - Essay ExampleOne merit I can psycheally attribute to knowledge of the English language is that it enables one to faster access to the news. Global news networks such as NBC and CNN engross hackneyed American English as their main language. Hence with just tuning in to these networks I was able to obtain access to worldwide news without having to use a translated version of the network. Using a translated version can be associated with problems since most entities focus on the English part rather than the translated version.In the amusement industry, Hollywood productions account for most of the viewed material in the world. Hence since these productions mainly incorporate American English as the default language then it naturally is spread more in the world. Thus a person who is literate in American English will be able to enjoy the films. The unison industry is also domina ted by the English language. Thus being fluent in English will subject one to greater delight of the music.Most global magazines are written in English. For example SLAM is a sports magazine that focuses on basketball. It is written in American English. Hence for a basketball fan who wants to keep in up to date with the happenings of the basketball community, being conversant with the English language will result in the person being able to do just that. Personally, having a couple of friends who are fans of the sport and are conversant with standard American English, this fact becomes evident to me. many an(prenominal) websites in the internet primarily use English as their default language. Hence with knowledge of the same one can be able to voyage effectively and make maximum use of them. These sites will in essence be more difficult to use for a person who doesnt reckon standard American English. Owing to the fact that English Is widely used in the world it is advantageous to know it when travelling. This is because it will provide you with a plan to communicate with the residents of the

Boeing Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Boeing Company - Research Paper ExampleBoeing organization has a very unique business structure, which consist of two business solutions that are tied(p) together. The two businesses of the Boeing organization are commercial airlines and the integrated defense system. The driving force behind the Boeing organization is the stakeholders, which include the employees, customers, communities and shareholders (Berridge, 2003). The management model used to pick out the planning and focus of the company is a simple and effective method of planning and analysis that yield better results for the business. Good business results are driven by the Boeings aptitude to encourage leadership and growth in the organization. Boeing receives performance driven management at all levels since it makes its employees to share in two their successes and failures through education. Planning is concerned with the future consequences and impacts of the present decisions of a company. In other words, Planni ng is a very important function of management and carrying into action of Boeing Company. For this reason, staff cannot be mobilized and production can not begin unless planning is completed. The major function of management in any organization is to maximize the simoleons in order to benefit the company and the owners.

Feminism Vs Queer theory Essay Example for Free

Feminism Vs singular theory EssayThe book by Catherine Churchill titled mottle Nine provides insight into the two very different types of societies in the two acts of the book and depicts the change in the characters in terms of their femininity and sexual orientation. The diverse factors impacting the lives of the characteristics like power, wealth and politics as well as their ion satisfactions levels in different relationships have been discussed through the use of comedy and the art of storytelling.The book highlights the concepts of feminism and comical theory through its content and the way the lives of the characters range out in the two different acts of the book. Feminism is basically defined as the change or orientation towards women empowerment. It is made up of the social, cultural as well as the political reforms, movements and diverse theories which contribute towards equality between makes and females and highlights the equal rights movement for the women. The basis of feminism is the exhalation of the position of women in the confederacy.Queer Theory on the other hand is a branch of gender studies which pertains to the gay and lesbian studies. This field is specific to diverse sexual orientation in women and takes its foundation form the feminism movement and theory itself. The inclination towards feminism in the book and the assemble of Cloud Nine is very explicit as depicts how the women are oppressed in the Victorian era so much so that they are forced to disguise themselves as men to hide their effeminate identity when giving in to their strong nature and ambitions.The bet clearly and explicitly describes the differences in the roles of the women and the men in the Victorian era, and in the modern era, because depicting how they have changed to an extent, but not as much as they should have. in the first act the depend violently depicts the male oriented society by initiating with a welcome for the male gender, and present the allude of power, in context of economics as held by men in the society. Aside from this the caper also depicts the position of the women in history as the subservient gender.This established the concept that the role and cultural construction of the females in the society is a ware more of history and tradition than of their own capabilities, thus reinforcing the concept of feminism. The queer theory is expanded upon by the author in the play though the wiped out(p) sexual orientation of the characters and the cross dressing and role reversal amongst the cast in the play. Churchill clearly intended to raise questions of gender, sexual orientation, and race as ideologic issues she accomplished this largely by cross-dressing and role-doubling the actors, thereby alienating them from the characters they play. (Worthen, 807). The characters in the play like those of Gerry the homosexual man and the lesbian mother provide the essence of the queer theory. In fact it can even be mentio ned that Cloud Nine is an explicitly queer play. The structure of the play is very confusing for the audience as well as the readers due to the role reversals by the characters, and the language used in the play is highly oriented towards the depiction of feminism and queer theory.The play clearly points out the underlying issues in the societies pertaining to women oppression, womens rights as well as gay pride and sexual orientation of the men and women. Moreover the play is highly political in nature as it tends to shock the audience and the readers through the presentation and the roles played by the characters. On the whole however the play contributes towards the literary identity development of women in the modern society.References Barry, P. , Beginning Theory An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Beginnings), Manchester University Press, (2002) , ISBN-10 0719062683 Caslin, S. , Feminism and post-colonialism, accessed March 15, 2008 from http//www. qub. ac. uk/sch ools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/key-concepts/feminism-and-postcolonialism. htm Churchill, C. , Cloud Nine, Nick Hern Books, (1989), ISBN-10 1854590901 Marx, K. , The Communist Manifesto Complete with Seven Rarely, Filiquarian Publishing, (2005), ISBN 1599869950 Worthen, W. B. , The Wadsworth Anthology of Drama, Heinle, (2003), ISBN-10 0838407501

Gender difference Essay Example for Free

Gender difference EssayThe article I depict is Health is not a mans domain destroy accounts of sexual activity difference in life-expectancy in Russia. The authors, Ilkka Pietila and Marja Rytkonen, examined the meaning of health to Russian lay people, conducting interview with 29 people aged 15-81. They concluded that the role of the individual in healthy responsibility is very weak, with a stronger emphasis on societal and governmental influence. They also found that in relation to gender, gender roles and relations are static with few alternatives despite social changes. This study was prompted by the larger-than-life gender gap in life-expectancy in Russia.In 2006, the average life expectancy was 59 years for Russian men but 72 years for Russian women. Pietila and Rytkonen wanted to see if this gap was caused by gender perceptions of health and/or each other or by something else. The theoretical basis for this look for is a process Frankel and Davison call lay epidemio logy, which states that individuals interpret health risks through the routine observation and discussion of cases of illness and death in personal networks and the exoteric arena, as well as from formal and informal evidence arising from other sources, such as television and magazines (p. 071).The investigators discerned four types of explanations essential/naturalist explanations (biological and psychological differences), explanations link to social roles, explanations related to social change and explanations related to health doings (p. 1075). They also found that these explanations often centered around one health behavior heavy drinking. This article is a great because of its discussion the masculinity behind drinking, as well as the cultural aspects yet how the women tended to see drinking as more of a health hazard then the men who participate in it.The phenomenon of the gender gap and the cultural aspects of drinking add unique curveballs to answer the health crisis i n Russia today. An article like this one is very important because it illustrates factors that need to be considered when coming up with a public health form _or_ system of government for Russia. For example, this findings of this research would support the argument that prohibition would not work in reducing alcoholism in Russia alcohols cultural significance is as well as strong for such a policy to have any lay support.The article also noted its limitations. The authors only interviewed subjects in St. Petersburg, which is one of the more Westernized cities in Russia and is more likely to have an higher educated and socioeconomic population compared with the majority of Russia. The authors conceded that this population dynamic may have skewed the results. They also oblige that their research sample was small (only 29 people interviewed), although they did their best to have a variety of ages and occupations within these people.One excellent point in the researchers methodology is the use of native-Russian speakers to conduct the interviews, and having men interview men and women interview women. The use of native speakers would allow for the nuances of language and communication to be picked up. The gender separation also nullifies the possibility that gender biases would have taken place during the interviews.

My Trip to Mackinaw City and Mackinac Island Essay Example for Free

My Trip to mackinaw City and Mackinac Island EssayThis tourist location is nationally known. Thousands of people a year come to Mackinaw City to enjoy the view of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. They also come to drive across the five mile long Mackinaw link. It is a small town with hotels on every street. As I first arrived into Mackinaw City I noticed the Mackinaw Bridge farthest off in the distance. The colors of the bridge were a pale peach color with a hint of pale yellow. The bridge was always visible from some(prenominal) part in Mackinaw City because of how big it was and how tall it stood. As I looked around I saw hundreds of hotels surrounding the tracks. Going down the road hundreds of people were walkway to places whether it was to go to get ice cream or to go to a small grocery store. Hotels were lined up on the coast of Lake Huron. Luckily, we were staying at one of those hotels. The people there were very nice and courteous. As we walked into our hotel room, wh ich was on the third floor, the light from outside shined through the balcony doors. I walked out on the balcony and on my left you could see the Mackinaw Bridge clear as day and on he right you could see all the ferries headed to Mackinaw Island. afterward we got settled in we headed down to the beach. The water was freezing cold but it was still fun because every time a ferry passed by gigantic waves of water would travel up to the shore and crash into it. I was excited because the next morning we got to take a ferry under the Mackinaw Bridge and to Mackinaw Island. The ferry went fast and there was a lot of wind which made it colder than it actually was but it was still fun As we got further off from Mackinaw City the more you see of it. It was a beautiful sight.As the ferry got closer to Mackinaw Island you could see more and more people walking around the island. thither were no cars at all, all there was, was trolleys being pulled around by horses. Entering the island you no tice the buildings are very historic and old. There were a ton of hills. The island is like one big circle. A small beach area was on the island and in the distance you could see the Mackinaw Bridge. As the insolate was shining down on the island it make the lake glisten and it made it bluer than it would be if it was cloudy. The streets were filled with people riding bikes and getting on the trolleys.While you were on the island you could walk up a bunch of stairs up to gird Mackinac. It is a historical landmark where the attack of 1812 happened. As you walk around Fort Mackinac you see a group of people reenacting the historical event that happened there. Being that far up on a hill, you could see all of Mackinaw Island. The sun made everything shine brighter. Going here was very relaxing and you werent worried about anything. It was like all that weight got lifted off your shoulders and you were free to name fun and do what made this a very memorable vacation for me, which I w ill never forget.

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis

Framework Advocating CSOs AnalysisTake a drive of actually breathing civic nightclub and critically discuss the extent to which your case has managed to achieve any democratic or exploitational progress. Champi mavind as the panacea for development ills under the neo slack New Policy Agenda (McIllwaine1998), civil cab argont has become the sweetheart of development donors (Barr, Fafchamps Owens, 2005659), famed for its ability to incubate participatory developmentma1ma2. Civil society is idealualised as an independent third pillar between secern and market, comprising of horizontal networks of associational groups with cross cut ties of kinship and patronage (Putnam, 1993). Within this network, citizens organize to pursue sh ard interests and influence policy in the public field of battle (UNDP, 2014). Civil society organisations (CSOs) usher out embody autonomous or nongovernmental organization supported community based organisations, or put forward comprise of NGOs as base agents of civil society themselves (Mohan, 2002ma3). Despite doubt surrounding the classification of NGOs as CSOs (Carmody, 2007), this essay will define NGOs as a variant of CSOs, as their firsthand purpose is influencing public policy (Edwards Hulme, 199724), and are independent from direct government control (UNDP, 2014ma4ma5). Thus, for the reasons outlined, this essay will focus on the Voice2People course of instruction of Christian Aid, an NGO based CSO.Ultimately, this essay will examine the extent to which the normative framework advocating CSOs as the missing middle between citizen and situate (World Bank, 1996114), represents the reality of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 199619). It is in this sense that actually existing civil society is defined as the reality of CSOs in practise as generally dissonant from the normative promised agenda for change (Ibid). By analysing Christian Aids Voice2People program, this essay will posit that the realities o f actually existing civil society are divergent from the normative beau ideals placed upon it, and thus can achieve small democratic or developmental success.This essay will begin by demonstrating the normative and programmatic qualities perceived as inherent within CSOs, in particular their ability to assuage participatory development, upon which donor funding is predicated (Igoe Kelsall, 2005). It will then outline the Voice2People architectural plan rolled out by Christian Aid, in relation to the normative characteristics it is perceived to retain. Once the theoretical framework is outlined, this paper will then esteem the extent to which these normative ideals diverge from reality of actually existing civil society. By outlining the flaws of the theoretical framework underlying the create by mental act, and the problematic constraints it faced, this essay will cogitate by arguing that contrary to normative perceptions, actually existing civil society in the case of the Voice2People programme, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress.The normative characteristics of civil society organisationsHowever, it is first essential to outline the perceived normative characteristics of CSOs in order to analyse their divergence from the semiempirical reality of actually existing civil society. These characteristics are normative in the sense they are expected rather than empirically validated. Itma6ma7 is as well essential to accentuate the ideological nature of these characteristics, which dovetail the neoliberal new policy agenda (Robinson, 20032) which embraces the democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme 2015, 710) in supporting inclusive corporation to drive on development (Mertz, 201254).Firstly, neoliberal theory posits CSOs as vehicles with which to build better citizens (Archer, 1994). Civil society is thus perceived as an arena for the cultivation of liberal norms, including interlocking and market rationa lity (Williams Young, 2012). CSOs become schools of liberal land (Banks, Edwards Hulme, 20154) educating citizens to take introduce in directulating their own development agenda. Secondly, CSOs are also regarded as notice actors in encouraging increased land accountability, as an active civil society enables choice, scrutinises errant governments, and leads to pluralised democracy (Mohan, 2002). CSOs thus demand verbalise of matter accountability to local anesthetic demands (Suileman, 2013245) an issue outlined by the Voice2People baseline account (Christian Aid, 2013). In addition, CSOs are also perceived by donors as zippy facilitators of democratisation. This is because CSOs are seen to exhibit a pluralising function as they disperse the distribution of semipolitical power in society done increasing channels of nark (Hadenius Uggla, 1996) what Ndegwa (19963) terms the civil society political liberalisation thesis. Additionally, as Przewoski (1992) notes, CSOs also play a constitutive role in defining the rules of state/CSO interaction along democratic lines. Finally, the concluding perceived function of CSOs is facilitating localised empowerment, so communities can pursue their own development activities either through CSOs or as autonomous politically aware citizens. This view posits the poor not as beneficiaries, but as controllers of the development process with the means to radically alter their own situation (Clark, 1991201).However, for the sake of this essay, the supra functions will be amalgamated into one role of facilitating participatory development the process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources that affect themselves (Worldbank, 1996b4). This requires the participation of empowered groups in the design and implementation of development projects, and is dependent on a state open to pluralising the political arena to organisations such(prenominal) as CSOs who can demand accountability on behalf of their members. Thema8 next section of this essay will outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, which attempts to facilitate participatory development in Nigeria.A case of actually existing civil society Christian Aids Voice2People programme is a DFID funded programme worth 2million (DFID, 2016), aiming to facilitate citizen-driven development and increased government accountability in Anambra State, Nigeria (Christian Aid, 20162). It is through this programme which aims to influence public development policy, that Christian Aid can be regarded as a CSO in its own right. Prior to the programme, the baseline report suggested that 54% of 1, 535 respondents in the area felt they were not able participate in making demands to state representatives, and that on that point was no accountability mechanism to ensure state compliance with local needs (Christian Aid, 20136-8). Consequently, the Voice2People community based programme utilised two strategies (outlined by Brown and Tandon1994) in an attempt to rectify this democratic deficit (Warleigh, 20011). Firstly, Voice2People employed state re piss strategies to secure agreements which guaranteed quarterly community engagement meetings, with the aim to precipitate democratic norms such as state accountability. Secondly, societal programmes such as the use of participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) intended to urinate community charters of needs, aiming to immerse all levels of community participation in development consultations (Christian Aid, 2016a8). However, this next section will analyse the theoretical and practical barriers which constrain the Voice2People programme an lawsuit of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 199619) in achieving participatory development.Can Voice2People achieve participatory development?In the donor community, the perceived functions of CSOs are taken as normative and unproblematic. This is frettinging as thi s next section will show, there are various theoretical and practical barriers which constrains actually existing civil society (in this case, the Voice2People programme) to achieving participatory developmentma9.Theoretical barriersOnema10 of the first theoretical constraints which limit the Voice2People programme and other CSO work in achieving participatory development, is the problematic dichotomy in which state and CSOs are theorised (Lewis, 2000). CSOs are perceived as autonomous agent able to impose community-formulated demands onto a democratic state. However, it is unwise to conceive civil society as unconstrained by the power of the state, as Hadenius and Uggla (1996) note, CSO inclusion is dependent on regime type, with autocratic regimes opposing CSO engagement due to desire to monopolise the political space (Clark, 1991ma11). Therefore, as Stewart (1997) suggests, the presence of CSOs does not instantly facilitate democratic engagement with states. In some cases, inclus ion of CSOs into policy consultation is little more(prenominal) than PR to meet the criteria of debt relief. In the case of Voice2Protect, government legislation passed in July 2016 which requires a state-led regulatory body to oversee the work of CSOs (Civicus, 2016), demonstrates the power of the Nigerian state in bound the work of Voice2People. It is therefore too simplistic to theorise the state and CSOs as independent actors with equal agency in influencing public policyma12. Moreover, it would also be unwise to suggest that even democratic states can adequately address the demands of CSOs, as due to the streamlining and weakening of state under structural adjustment, gridlock can occur, whereby the sheer volume of CSO interests and demands can lead to political impasse (Blair, 1997 in Lewis, 2002).This suggests that Voice2People is unable to achieve participatory development success either due to the constraining power of the state, or through lack of state capacity, notions largely ignored by the theoretical framework. This has led to the critique by some post-colonial scholars, who suggest that civil society as a concept has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life (maia) which can include an autocratic state characterised by big men rule (cite). Therefore, although Voice2People established a working relationship with the House that was formalised with an agreement to hold quarterly meetings with members (Christian Aid, 20164), there are no constitutional mechanisms to guarantee the continuation of this interaction, and no clear capacity of the state to meet the demands forwarded by Voice2People. This is further evidenced by the Voice2People progress report which cites that citizens found it difficult to engage government officials since the governments lacked the financial power to undertaken any projects (Christian Aid, 20146).As well as the problematic dichotomy between state and CSOs, the theoretical underp innings behind CSO led service provision also limits the extent to which Voice2People can achieve participatory development. Due to their closeness to intended beneficiaries, CSOs are regarded as ideal for replacing waning state services that have been decimated by structural adjustment (Carmody2007). Empowerment therefore is economic in the liberal sense, as through the participation of contributing funds towards a community service project, one gets to become the controller of their own development. Voice2People utilises this approach to pacify the 46% of respondents who were not content at allwith the level of state service provision (Christian Aid, 20136). Although seemingly locally appropriate, this approach is highly problematic as it reduces the concept of public welfare to unadulterated private provision to the extent that citizens forego their sense of state entitlement (Kamat, 2003156). CSO service provision, no matter how well intentioned, therefore reduces the state to a franchise state (Wood, 19971) ultimately unaccountable for the services provided to its citizens through other actors. Community based service provision as utilised by Voice2People therefore achieves very little democratic output, as any state accountability based on service provision is nullified, and replaced by self-dependency. Additionally, this project does little to increase development, as the circumscribed financial nettleibility of community funded services, means that the chronic poor seldom partake in this form of neoliberal participation and are thus excluded from accessing vital services. concludema13ma14Practical constraintsWhen aiming to facilitate participatory development, one of the practical constraints faced by Voice2Protect is the extent to which it can achieve full participation. In an attempt to facilitate inclusive participationVoice2People liaisons with established community structures (Christian Aid), to create charters of demands which prioritise com munity development needs (ibid). However, by working through established community structures such as chieftaincies, existing power relations are entrenched and reproduced (white). This new localism which essentialises established structures as microcosms of a homogenous community (mohan) is problematic, as it excludes traditionally ostracised groups from access to civil society participation. Additionally, community participation can also be co-opted by middle class hegemonic groups in a bid to access influences and resources (Mercer and green), often leading to disillusionment amongst the primordial public of hidebound groups who interventions aimed to target (Suilimanma15). These issues occurred in the Voice2Project programme, whereby community mobilisation was miscons true upd to have political bearings by stakeholders wanting to gain access (cite) and thus exclusive meetings were still utilised to buy-in community leadership for the middle classes(Cite). ConcludeOn a similar note, for Voice2Protect to achieve full democratic participation, there needs to be greater emphasis on the gendered implications of PRAs and other participatory tools, as some V2P communities are yet to adopt balanced representation in decision making platforms (cite). The time necessary to participate in decision making is problematic, as it reduces the time women dedicate to caregiving roles, therefore prevent female participation (Howell and Milliganma16). This then leads to talking to men about women which is hardly democratic nor will ever understand the gendered development issues facing women as a group (Ardner). Concludeand addmoreAdditionally, one of the clearest practical factors constraining Voice2Protect in facilitating participatory development, is that contrary to building better citizens (archer), CSOs can often pluralise the political arena for the worst, incorporating the voice of extremist or wild community organisations (Lewis and Kanjii). A pluralised politica l arena thus legitimises vice as well as virtue (Robinson White, 1998229), as well as ethnic flag waving (diamond) as an exercise in liberal democracy. Although this does increase pluralised democratic output (for the better or for worse), such instances could indeed hinder inclusive community development, as can often become a platform for legitimising prejudices or community based structural violencema17ma18ma19. moreFinally, an additional practical limitation faced by Voice2People, is the problematic mode through which democratic participation is facilitated within its programmes. Ultimately, the Voice2People programme is externally facilitated by an NGO based CSO, unlike programmes led by traditionalist CSOs which arise out of autochthonal community structures. This stems from a contradictive paradox of self-help, whereby external NGO based CSOs are deployed to facilitate empowerment in traditionalist settings (Page, 2014). The concern here is, that due to the nature of Voice2 People as an external NGO directed programme, true participatory development is constrained as it foregoes the political conscientization necessary for true and sustainable empowerment. Evidently, by using NGO based CSOs as proxies for indigenous organisationsma20, only celluloid low intensity democracy can be achieved (Carmody). This artificial empowerment runs the risk of disintegrating once the NGO based CSO has withdrawn, and is therefore unsustainable and unable to exert continuous pressure for longstanding change. Since the timescale of the Voice2People programme had an end date of contact 2016 (Christian Aid, 2016), one can suggest that due to the lack of endogenous indigenous programmes to guarantee democratic output, participatory development progress began to disintegrate after the breakup of Christian Aid. This suggests that the dichotomy theorised by Mamdani (199619), which bifurcates the normative perceptions of civil society and its actually existing form, is too si mplistic to encapsulate the different issues faced by vary CSOs. Through homogenising the realities of all actually existing civil society, the dichotomy ignores the vastly different realities faced by NGO based CSOs in relation to indigenous organisationsma21.ConclusionNormative ideals as unattainable clear divergence to the reality fo actually existing civil society ma1democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme 2015, 710ma2Since democracy is regarded as the requisite political system conducive to growth (Chan, 2002),ma3Make all this link a bit morema4Something about beneficiary membership or something about closeness to themma5This will become important later onma6Link these two sections together betterma7ma8Make sure you notePD as requiring liberally moulded empowered citizen participation and a democratic and accountable state.ma9Describe theoretical as motivations beind and practical barriers and issues facing actual formation/methodologyma10Maybe link western concept here universalism of normative ideal does not take into account the authoritarian big man state this suggests it is applicable to western experience only. MiaiaWhy are we pushing the concept it if has failed in the US (Carmoroff and Carmoroff)ma11Mandani state power is in the ability to incorporatema12Conclude how does this link to participatory development? How does this constrain V2P?ma13Moreover, it can also be argued that the see concept of civil society is applicable only to the western experience and thus in reality, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress elsewhere (Lewis, 2003). In this sense, donor support for CSOs is misguided, as the theoretical framework used to mould civil society in east Europe after the fall of communism, has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life such as the constraining power of folk music and caste (Maina). It also ignores the need of a democratic tradition to perpetuate de mocratic norms within civil society, as an earlier point states, the presence of CSOs such as Voice2People, does not necessarily equate to democracy. Additionally, the limited western definition of CSOs may lead to duplication of efforts to build civil society where an indigenous form already exists (Uggla). This dissonance of the legitimacy to alternatives to western defined CSOs limits true democracy due to the monopolisation of the political sphere by one homogenous form of CSO (hearn, 2001). When the wrong kinds of CSO are excluded, how can participatory development occur? (Banks Edwards and Hulme). Actually existing civil society cannot therefore lead to full participatory development, as the attributes of civil society itself, are western and ungeneralizable to the Nigerian case. Link to V2P.concludema14ma15say this too much reword this so it isnt repetitivema16needs to link morema17need an example of V2P and how this is not participatory can prejudices lead to the deliberat e exclusion of others in participationthe need for monitors has reflected thisma18it is in this sense that White cites the possibility of CS impeding democracy by gives rise to a multiplicity of distinct structures of dominance and subordinacyma19find example of this in CA policy doccsma20I can only stress that throughma21add example of this from CA policy docc

Bicycle Frame Materials

Bicycle Frame MaterialsIntroductionThroughout history the concept of the wheel or so has been calld and manipulated with bodilys from all everyplace the spectrum exercised. In new-fangled years, machining methods have become advanced enough to manipulate all various grades of metals, from the most popular being steel, to alloying titanium based alloys, but not only metal veridicals are being utilize. Carbon fibre, a generic term of the composition of coke fibre weave and epoxy resin, is the worlds most recent popular material to be economic consumptiond on practically everything in the automotive industry, from gear knobs to the complete chassis on the Porsche Carrera GT for example, which is slowly expanding into the pedal commercialise and beyond. Nowadays bicycle manufacturers have an apparent unlimited array of materials, connection processes and finishing techniques, which should theoretically be able to produce the lift out bicycle public figure on the market. T aking modern day complications into account, the topper bicycle ramble material(s) are perhaps inappropriate in terms of manufacturing price and market change value. Despite this, using Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES Software), by setting up engineering constraints, looking at material selection indices and loading patterns on comp angiotensin-converting enzyments a single best material is to be determined.Product DefinitionAs not all bicycles are aimed at the same user market, with the intention to mark a bike for different purposes such as mountain bikes, city bikes, leisure bikes, passageway bikes, race bikes, etc. the constraints and objectives of how the bicycle chuck should react below pressure during use are different. It is because of this, the best material suffer differ from bicycle type, and therefore a category of bike must be specified.The bicycle category to be specified is a small interchange-category of road bikes called fixed gear bikes or fixies. This category of bike has recently sprung up all everyplace the world, with its major uprising leading back to Brooklyn, New York however a cult following has arisen in major cities well-nigh the globe. This type of bike and cycle style lends its origins back to spoil racing, where the same style of bike is utilise in the Olympics and other bike sporting events. The fixie style has become popular on the road for its agility and acceleration around township for commuting as well as its fitness affiliation for of course only having one gear. This sub category of bike is often used for part recreation, part fitness use, yet mainly as a path of transport in and around town.This recent uprising has uncovered many different materials of bike throw off, from old 1980s track bikes made from steel to recently manufactured aluminium and carbon fibre composite frames which are used on this type of bike and style of riding.Materials Selection Possible ConstraintsThe frame components will be subject to different forces, of which several will experience the same force depending on different loading conditions. The seat tube will experience unremitting calculus forces from the weight unit of the rider as well reactions from road pushing back up towards the rider, whereas the down tube will experience tensional forces holding the crank subject together with the fork assembly however braking will chip in rise to compression. Other features such as the seat stays will experience constant compression and lateral stress from the braking mechanisms, of which stiffness is a brisk property of the material. Youngs modulus or stiffness is also very important in the design of the forks overdue to instantaneous braking encouraging the forks to bend.DensityThe density of the material will affect graduate(prenominal)ly the cogency and feel of the bike when ridden. More energy is required to stop or accelerate the bike that has a high density frame, consequently making the bik e hard to control and manoeuvre. A arcweight material is vital to create the ideal bicycle frame to improve manoeuvrability, braking and acceleration performance. This is why a constraint of density is to be limited at 5000 KG/M3. This encompasses common frame materials such as aluminium and titanium alloys. 4Youngs ModulusThe stiffness of the frame is vital to forestall plastic deformation of the frame when ridden over obstacles, however if the frame is too stiff there will too much vibration from road surfaces. A constraint of materials above 30GPa are acceptable for the mean use, however materials above 400GPa are con gradientred too stiff and will result in a harsh incontrollable bicycle. 4Tensile and Compressive StressTensile stress numbers on many of the components of the bicycle frame and is a common failing property by overloading the frame which consequently makes it a high priority factor. Materials above of pliable stress value 300MPa and above are acceptable. Compre ssion is also a major stress force abundant in the bicycle frame, in places such as the rear seat stays and seat tube from gravity pulling the weight of the rider toward the ground. Poor compressive forces will translate into a smokestack of buckled piping. 4Yield intensity levelThe fork up specialization determines the amount of force required to plastically deform the material of which the material is permanently deformed after yielding. This can be applied to sudden impacts or over loading of the frame which can lead to failure of the frame, perhaps resulting in injury when ridden. The higher the yield strength, the higher force the frame will be able to withstand which is favourable in frame design. 4ElongationElongation relates to brittle and ductile properties of a material, where high percentage extension leads to ductile properties and low percentage annex leads to brittle properties. If a material is too brittle, it theoretically could fracture into small part which a re to be avoided when cycling. It would be preferable for the material to plastically deform to a large extent before failure as this will prevent injury if a sudden stop is experienced. A material with a very high percentage elongation is also to be avoided as the frame will not keep its number and deform with the weight of the rider. Materials below 40% elongation will provide favourable elongation properties. 45Fatigue StrengthThe maximum cyclical stresses can be examined and applied to a bicycle frame directly, mimicking the repetitive stresses when ridden. This can therefore extrapolate the life of the bicycle frame given the amount of repetitive load applied when ridden. 45Torsion StressTorsion loading occurs upon acceleration of the bicycle where the frame is moved from side to side under the lateral forces applied by the rider from the torque applied. The usual lateral loading on the frame is transferred to slight longitudinal loading. The torsion capabilities of the materi al must be taken into account which also highly affects the joining processes of the bicycle frame. 45Material impersonals Set-up and Index SelectionTo find the best material for a fixed gear bike frame, the main objective is to prioritise engineering performance decrease weight, increasing stiffness. The agility of the frame is the main characteristic of which bit reactions, acceleration and deceleration performance are vital to a successful fixed gear bike to be used in and around town as well as for training purposes.The indices used to input into CES will define stiffness-limited design at minimum mass.The frame features that are flexible loaded, creating a tie between two other frame beams will use the index Youngs Modulus / Density, E/ . Increasing this index will locate suitable materials that wield stiffness, combined with low density, however also giving the best malleable properties.The compression index, for components loaded in compression, is (Youngs Modulus )/De nsity, E1/2 / will also locate the best materials for that type of loading. For components loaded in divagation the index (Youngs Modulus )/Density, E1/2 / , will also be used.For strength limited design, locating the best material for tensile strength before yielding and plastic deformation of the frame occurs, the index yield strength/density, f / , is to be used. Locating the best material for compression strength will also use this index. For the seatstays and fork components, loaded in bend, the index f2/3 / will be used.Maximising these indices will locate the best materials for all(prenominal) specified type of loading. 6Outcomes using CESFunction Bicycle frameConstraints Must not fail under rider weight and road reactions.Objective Overall mass of bicycle frame is to be reduced, without sacrificing stiffness and strength.Variables Material choice, material section shape, finishing techniques.Before inputting constraints, the graphs of Youngs Modulus over density and yi eld strength over density appear as follows using education level 2Figure 5. Youngs modulus over density CES.Figure 6. Yield strength over density. CES.Inputting the constraints, CES outlines groups of materials that meet the constraintsFigure 7. Youngs modulus over density using constraints. CES.Figure 8. Yield strength over density using constraints. CES.CES software has outlined different materials from the groups composites, metals and alloys, and technical foul ceramics. These materials areAluminium alloysTitanium alloysBeryllium alloysCarbon fibre compositesMagnesium alloysSilicon based technical ceramicsAluminium alloysAluminium alloys are extremely light and shows signs of high elongation, these factors direct aluminium toward being a honourable candidate for a bicycle frame, however aluminium has a low youngs modulus value and accredited alloys exhibit low tensile strength set. These properties may give the bicycle frame flexibility, however current aluminium bicycle fra mes are certainly not flexible as they tend to have a larger diameter top tube and general radii over the frame components to counter act this. The grind set for aluminium alloys are very low, which indicates that after a while the frame will crack and fail, which is definitely something to avoid. incumbent bicycle frame manufacturers use butting technology in aluminium frames to combat this, by increasing the thickness of the tube at where the material is needed most. 4Titanium alloysTitanium alloys are around double the weight of aluminium alloys, yet around half that density of steel alloys, making up for this are the high tensile strength and Youngs modulus values which enable to frame to be manufactured from thinner tube sections than aluminium which reduce overall weight. The fatigue values are also high which means that the frame will last for a long time. 47Magnesium alloysMagnesium alloys are even lighter than aluminium alloys and have a slightly break away fatigue valu e. Magnesium alloys also have a low Youngs modulus value, unhorse than aluminium which indicates flexible frame properties which will have to be yet again solved using tube section thickness design. Magnesium alloys look promising and have good properties that can be applied to a bicycle frame, however they have low corrsosion metro which has to be overcome by surface treatments. On the current market, few frames have been made from the material as they tend to be very expensive. 478CFRP, Carbon Fibre Re-enforced PlasticCFRP, a composite material, is lighter than all the metals previously mentioned as well as having high a Youngs modulus, tensile value, and relatively high fatigue strength values. This material is currently being used all over the bicycle market, from strictly track bikes to road racers, complete frames or part CFRP frames, and components used in mountain bike off road frames. The modulus of the epoxy resin is extremely low, resulting in a brittle material which consequently affects the method of which the CFRP layers are applied. CFRP has good tensile properties, however not very high compression or torsion properties, so the angle at which the carbon fibre layers are applied must be taken into consideration, otherwise turning bends could turn the frame into a fractured mess. This is also evident in the extremely low elongation value, 0.032% 035% 348Technical Ceramics, Silicon CarbideSilicon carbide, unlike ceramics in general has a good tensile value similar to that of titanium, aluminium and CFRP, and a youngs modulus value four times that of titanium. This implies that silicon carbide has a positively good outlook on a place bicycle frame, displaying high fatigue values and having a slightly lower density than titanium. Silicon carbide does however have a low percentage elongation at 0% 3 which boasts the potential for producing a hybrid material to increase this value. 411 10BerylliumBeryllium is often used as an alloying material to increase cogency properties, however it also has a very high youngs modulus value and is lightweight. Beryllium could not be used to solely manufacture a bicycle frame as it is poisonous, especially with inhalation. 1254It is visible to see the groups of materials commonly used on bicycle frames from the graphs produced however there are not any specific materials shown. modify education level 3, the database of materials becomes more specific and materials that do not meet the constraints are ignored. By maximising the indices, individual materials can be identified.CES software has regain Cyanate ester/HM carbon fibre UD composite 0 lamina by maximising the indices as the best material for a bicycle frame. The unidirectional lamina allows the tensile and youngs modulus values to be uniform within the material, rather than have a directional flow providing room for failure by torsion. The composition of 30-40% polymer and 60-70% carbon fibre maintains a high level of stiffness and fatigue strength from the carbon fibre and reduces the brittle properties of the polymer resin.The CES outcome may have located the best material for a fixed gear bike frame, with the objective minimise the weight of the overall frame, without sacrificing stiffness and strength, however joining processes, surface treatments/coatings and shapes need to be considered.Joining processesCurrent CFRP frames are either manufactured by using hollow lugs of aluminium or titanium, and then pre-made CFRP tubes aligned and stuck into place with further layered CFRP and epoxy adhesives. The joining between the two different types of materials has led to corrosion and failing, which has directed manufacturers to create frames solely using CFRP. Continuous laminating can be used to cover a mandrel of which the removal of the mandrel gives rise to a shaped tube or hollow section necessary for the specified component. bingle method used to create low batch numbers of CFRP frames is autoclave m oulding, which builds up the CFRP layers by hand, this technique creates a monocoque CFRP shell which has superior stiffness, strength and is extremely lightweight frames lower than one kilogram have been produced. 8Shape FactorsCyanate ester/HM carbon fibre UD composite 0 lamina has a maximum shape factor value for waxy crook (Max eB) of 12.3. By using this value, the shape efficiency can be compared against other materials determining if other materials exhibit better stiffness and resistance to bending properties.Using CES a graph can be drawn of Youngs modulus over density with the index /E1/ 2, which will show the maximum bending stiffness whilst reducing weight. As the shape of the material is not fixed, in general materials used for lightweight structural objectives require low /(eBE)1/2 values. The materials will be selected as they provide the best properties. 10By comparing alloys used frequently in the manufacture of bicycle frames against the CFRP based material CES l ocated, it is possible to see the benefits of firstly the shape factor attributed to aluminium, giving it good structural properties despite its low youngs modulus value. However the lower value of the determined CFRP material means that it has better shape efficiency and will have better in service properties at providing a lightweight stiff bicycle frame, resistant to bending forces.The titanium, given its stiffness will be able to produce a lighter frame than one made of steel and aluminium, yet does not have a better bending shape factor shown by the aluminium alloy. Magnesium, despite having the lowest modulus has a maximum bending factor lower than the aluminium alloy, which is one of the reasons why it is congruous an increasingly popular base alloy for bicycle frames. 10Hybrid Bicycle FrameThe extreme stiffness of the Cyanate ester/HM carbon fibre UD composite 0 lamina bicycle frame will create a very stiff ride, of which the road surface will be felt through the frame to t he rider. One way to prevent this is to use larger or thicker tyres, which will reduce vibration, however will significantly increase friction and reduce top amphetamine and acceleration times. A method to reduce these problems would be to develop a frame that utilised a couple of materials and blended them together to give longitudinal damping properties yet maintain the transverse stiffness and lightweight properties. This could be achieved by using titanium on the main triangular frame due to its 5-10% elongation property, extremely high fatigue, tensile and lightweight properties and using the CFRP on the chain stays, seat stays and fork components for its extremely high shape factor and bending stiffness value. This will also create a high fatigue resistance of the frame making it last for many miles of riding, however problems may occur with the joining of the two materials when using acrylic based or epoxy glues to bond the two sections together as this interferes with the s tructure and could lead to corrosion or failure from loading. 876A hybrid material could be answer to creating the perfect bike frame using silicon carbide, boron carbide and aluminium, also known as MMC duralcan alloys, or alumina B4C alloys. Alloys using these materials have already been created, making use of silicon and boron carbides mechanical properties and combining them with aluminiums structural advantages.The aluminium carbide composites exhibit good bending factor values as well as high Youngs modulus values, fatigue strength, tensile strength and very high compressive strength, which makes the material promising for use as a bicycle frame.Surface TreatmentsSurface treatments such as anodizing are common in todays current bicycle market, for example on aluminium where the reactive surface is covered with an oxide layer and the thickness controlled using anodizing. This prolongs the life of the frame by reducing the risk of corrosion. Electroplating is also used for corro sion resistance or to improve hardness, this method is usually used on metals however non-metals can be plated once painted with an electrically conductive material. This can give metals shiny mirror finishes, synthesizing the look of commonly expensive materials such as gold or silver. For metals and non-metals, organic solvent based paints are widely used to give the frame exciting colours and finishes. Organic solvent based paints are usually applied to carbon fibre however it is sometimes preferent to show the craftsmanship of the carbon fibre in its natural form showing the weave pattern. 410ConclusionThe best materials for a fixed gear road bike come in the form of carbon fibre re-enforced plastics this is because of the lightweight, high modulus frames they create. The shape factor contributes highly to the success of the material by creating stiff tubular sections that are resistant to bending and plastic deformation also improved by their high yield strength values. The te nsile and compression properties shown by the material are very high and work well at absorbing shock, distributing the stress throughout the frame. The orientation of the carbon fibre is very important as this affects the tensile and compression values that the material can take before fracture in the longitudinal and transverse directions, vital to the frame staying in one piece when turning, decelerating or accelerating rapidly. A uni-directional laminate is preferable as the fibres provide optimum stress and strain abilities.The metals mentioned provide lightweight solutions to the bicycle frame however each has issues, whether it is low youngs modulus or fatigue limits that need to be addressed. These issues are usually solved by means of alloying or using shape factors to increase or decrease tube thicknesses or use of butting and other joining processes.